In short, the argument for traditional authorship are quite simple: 1) Our earliest traditions (i.e., Papias, Irenaeus) claim that the gospels were written by Matthew (a disciple of Jesus), Mark (an interpreter of Peter), Luke (a companion of Paul), and John (the beloved disciple of Jesus). 2) There is no evidence that definitively and conclusively contradicts this early tradition. 3) Therefore, the tradition is mostly likely correct.
Consider the following quotes from Donald Guthrie's New Testament Introduction.
"To sum up, it may be said that there is no conclusive reason for rejecting the strong external testimony regarding the authorship of Matthew, although some difficulties arise from source hypotheses."*
"So strong is the early Christian testimony that Mark was the author of this gospel that we need do little more than mention this attestation."**
"The Apostle John. This, as has been seen, is the traditional view, which has much support for it in the internal evidence. Indeed, it may be said that there is no evidence which conclusively disproves it, in spite of much opposition to it."***These three statements nicely illustrate the late Dr. Guthrie's argument for traditional authorship. His position is that, without definitive and conclusive proof that early Christian testimony (read Papias, Irenaeus, et. al.) is incorrect, the traditional authors should hold.
A clarification is needed here. Dr. Guthrie introduces the concepts of internal and external evidence. Internal evidence refers to what we can determine from the text of the gospels themselves, and external evidence refers to what others (early Christians) have said about the text. For Guthrie, external evidence is the trump card that squashes all opposition. For Guthrie, external evidence is primary, and internal evidence is secondary. Consider this quote from his discussion of the authorship of Luke:
"It is against the background of the strong external evidence that the witness of the books themselves [i.e. internal evidence] must be considered."****This line of reasoning in my mind is faulty. Now, if Papias and Irenaeus were first century authors and their statements about the gospels were clear and unambiguous, that would be another matter. As it stands, Papias was writing 50-75 years after the gospels were written (not to mention the fact that the Papias quote is only preserved from Eusebius in the fourth century) and Irenaeus nearly 100 years after the writing of the gospels, I would actually reverse Guthrie's argument and claim that the internal evidence is primary, and the external evidence is only secondary.
Now, I want to be fair to the late Dr. Guthrie. He does deal at length with all of the evidence, and does so in a nuanced and fair manner. But, at the end of the day for Guthrie, no internal evidence could trump the external witness of second century Christians unless it were absolutely conclusive. So there it is. Guthrie provides one of the best scholarly attempts to argue for traditional gospel authorship. What do you think?
*Donald Guthrie, New Testament Introduction, (Downer's Grove, IL: Intervarsity Press, 1990), 53.
**Ibid, 81.
*** Ibid, 275.
**** Ibid, 115.
I wouldn't say it's quite as simple as 'nothing conclusively contradicts the external attestations'. A comprehensive case for traditional authorship would also try to establish that there are internal evidences consistent with the traditional authorship, and would also point to evidence from Paul and other sources that there was extensive communication between the early Christian communities and at least in some circles a concern for getting info 'from the horse's mouth'. There is also Mike Bird and James Dunn's argument that there is evidence for a 'conservative tendency' in the transmission of Jesus traditions, again at least in certain communities and circles.
ReplyDeleteJD, thanks for the comment. I mentioned at the end that Guthrie indeed deals at length with the internal evidence. In most cases though, where that internal evidence is at odds with traditional authorship, he claims that it is not "conclusive." So, I do believe he uses external attestation as a "trump" card. I have not recently read Bird or Dunn on the topic, and so can't comment on them here. I will take a look at Bird and Dunn soon and post again if it is of interest.
ReplyDeletePapias tells us that Matthew wrote his gospel in Hebrew, which is false. With that said, if the little bit of check able information in Papias tradition is false, I think it makes little sense to insist on trusting the rest. The tradition is further suspicious in light of information inside the gospels. For example, how could John Mark, a disciple of Peter, have painted him in such a bad light? Evangelicals often insist that the embarrassing material here proves the writer was honest, but in fact this shows Mark was a Pauline Christian, not a fan of Peter. The Pauline theory can claim, as evidence, marks use of Paul's lord supper vision. In addition, richard carrier has made the following observation that also supports this theory: Mark also knew Paul thought Peter was a weasel (Gal. 2:11). So we should expect Mark to depict him as such (Mark 14:30-72 passim).
ReplyDeleteThank you for answering my question. Much appreciated.
ReplyDeleteDo you believe in climate change? The overwhelming majority of scientists do. Some conspiracy theorists believe that this majority expert opinion on climate change is due to a bias. These conspiracy theorists believe that the overwhelming majority of scientists are left wing fanatical environmentalists who have "cooked" the evidence. Climate change is not real, they say. It is the invention of biased scientists.
ReplyDeleteThe problem for conspiracy theorists is that not all scientists are left-wing environmentalists. In fact, there are plenty of scientists who are politically conservative. Yet even the majority of politically conservative scientists believe that climate change is real. The fact that the consensus position that climate change is real is held by scientists across the political spectrum is evidence AGAINST the conspiracy theorists' claim that climate change is a left-wing environmentalist lie.
And we find the same situation with the authorship of the Gospels. Many conservative Christians believe that the majority expert consensus position that the Gospels were not written by eyewitnesses or the associates of eyewitnesses is based on a bias. These conservative Christian Protestants believe that the majority of New Testament scholars are liberals, atheists, and agnostics who are skeptical or deny all supernatural claims. The problem for this argument is that it isn't just liberal, atheist, and agnostic scholars who believe that the Gospels were written by non-eyewitnesses, in lands far away, several generations removed from the alleged events described in the Gospels. The overwhelming majority of Roman Catholic scholars also hold the consensus majority position. Can anyone credibly claim that Roman Catholics have a bias against the supernatural?? No. So, what we find is that a broad range of New Testament scholars reject the traditional/eyewitness/associate of eyewitnesses authorship of the Gospels, including many scholars who very much believe in the supernatural and the bodily resurrection of Jesus. This fact speaks against the conservative Protestant claim that the majority position on the authorship of the Gospels is based on a bias.